北京市公园绿地投资标准测算

公园绿地作为"唯一有生命力"的城市基础设施,一直以来其建设和投资标准不像道路、管线等基础睡设施那般明确,而随着近年来城市发展对生态环境的日益重视,各类公园绿地项目逐渐增多。为了加强公园绿地项目在前期设计和审批阶段的科学性、合理性,文章结合北京市当前园林绿化的实际情况,按照"一亩地公园"模型的思路,根据不同的投资工程,建立了投资标准测算模型,测算了投资指标,尝试为公园绿地的投资标准确定提供一种新的思路。     

环保视阈下恩施州肥料利用问题及对策

指出了提高肥料利用率,减少肥料损失和对农业环境的污染是目前农业生产中急需解决的重要问题,针对恩施州有机肥用量不足、肥料投入结构不合理、肥料流失量较大、农业环境污染加重和边际效益下降等问题,提出了有机肥资源高效利用、采用新型科学施肥技术和减少环境污染的施肥技术等提高肥料利用率的建议。     

广西县级林地变更调查试点技术方法

为探索广西县级林地年度变更调查技术方法,以鹿寨县为例,运用遥感自动检测技术、森林资源管理信息平台等,对地类及管理属性变化图斑进行变更,形成本期林地数据库和林地变化数据库。文章分析了林地变更调查的关键技术方法,指出了存在的问题,并提出相应的建议。     

Land surface temperature retrieval for arid regions based on Landsat-8 TIRS data:a case study in Shihezi,Northwest China

Scientific interest in geophysical information about land surface temperature （LST） is ever increasing, as such information provides a base for a large number of applications, including environmental and agricultural monitoring. Therefore, the research of LST retrieval has become a hot topic. Recent availability of Landsat-8 satel- lite imagery provides a new data source for LST retrieval. Hence, exploring an adaptive method with reliable ac- curacy seems to be essential. In this study, basing on features of Landsat-8 TIRS thermal infrared channels, we re-calculated parameters in the atmospheric transmittance empirical models of the existing split-window algorithm, and estimated the ground emissivity with the help of the land cover classification map of the study area. Further- more, a split-window algorithm was rebuilt by virtual of the estimation model of the updated atmospheric transmit- tance and the ground emissivity, and then a remote sensing retrieval for the LST of Shihezi city in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region of Northwest China was conducted on the basis of this modified algorithm. Finally, precision validation of the new model was implemented by using the MODIS LST products. The results showed that the LST retrieval from Landsat-8 TIRS data based on our algorithm has a higher credibility, and the retrieved LST is more consistent with the MODIS LST products. This indicated that the modified algorithm is suitable for retrieving LST with competitive accuracy. With higher resolutions, Landsat-8 TIRS data may provide more accurate observation for LST retrieval.     

金针菇菌渣有机肥对棉花产量及经济效益影响

以棉花为材料，在山东省德州市平原县前曹镇进行小区试验，试验共设菌渣有机肥作基肥、与化肥不同比例配施和农民习惯性施肥7个处理，研究施用金针菇菌渣有机肥对棉花产量及经济效益的影响。结果表明，菌渣有机肥可替代化肥在棉花上做基肥施用，可促进棉花增产，菌渣有机肥配合化肥使用效果较好，施用3000kg·hm-2菌渣有机肥和187．5kg·hm-2复合肥（15：15：15）的处理最佳，比农民习惯施肥增产8．2％，效益提高9．6％。     

立体栽培生产线系统开发

日光温室占我国设施园艺总面积逐年提升,但如今日光温室土地利用效率却相当低下。目前设计用来提高土地利用率的机器还相对较少。本设计通过在三维仿真软件Solid Works仿真后,主要提供了一种新的立体栽培生产线系统,该种植机械采用钢架结构,简单的链条传动,能满足栽培植物的需光量,并且能提高土地利用率至原来的2.1倍左右。     

Optimisation of fertiliser rates in crop production against energy use indicators

Optimising mineral nitrogen (N) use in crop production is inevitable target as mineral fertilisers reflect one of the highest inputs both in terms of economy and energy. The aim of the study was to compare the relationship between the rate of N fertiliser application and different measures of energy parameters exemplary data for spring-wheat in boreal climate condition in Estonia in 2006–2010. The effect of mineral N with rates 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg N ha⁻¹ was studied on the background of composted cow manure and without organic fertilisers. Univalent parameters, energy gain (EG) (energy output − energy input) and energy ratio (ER) (energy output/energy input) were calculated. To aggregate parameters with different units (ER and EG) we proposed two standardisation approaches for combined indices. ER maximisation gave both organic fertilisation background optimum N norms significantly lower than EG (p < 0.05) optimisation. Both the new combined indices gave optimum N norms in between the rate of ER an EG. Composted cow manure background did not affect mineral N optimisation significantly. We suggest optimisation of mineral N according to bi-dimensional parameters as they capture important features of production efficiency and are more objective using as advisory tool for sustainable production systems.     

An assessment of subsoil organic carbon stocks in England and Wales

It is estimated that half the soil carbon globally is in the subsoil, but data are scarce. We updated estimates of subsoil organic carbon (OC) in England and Wales made by Bradley et al. (2005) using soil and land‐use databases and compared the results with other published data. We estimated that the soils of England and Wales contained 1633, 1143 and 506 Tg of OC at 0–30, 30–100 and 100–150 cm depths, respectively. Thus, half of the soil OC was found below 30 cm depth. Peat soils accounted for the largest proportion, containing 44% of all the OC below 30 cm despite their small areal extent, followed by brown soils, surface‐water gley soils, ground‐water gley soils and podzolic soils. Peat soils had more than 25% of their profile OC per unit area in the 100–150 cm depth, whereas most other soils had <8% at this depth. The differences between soil types were consistent with differences in soil formation processes. Differences in depth distributions between land uses were small, but subsoil OC stocks in cultivated soils were generally smaller than in soils under grassland or other land uses. Data on subsoil OC stocks in the literature were scarce, but what there was broadly agreed with the findings of the above database exercise. There was little evidence by which to assess how subsoil OC stocks were changing over time.     

Soil protection for a sustainable future: options for a soil monitoring network for Ireland

The increased recognition of the importance of soil is reflected in the UN Post‐2015 Development Agenda with sustainable development goals that directly and indirectly relate to soil quality and protection. Despite a lack of legally binding legislation for soil protection, the European Commission remains committed to the objective of soil protection. However, the achievement of a legally binding framework for soil protection relies on the implementation of a soil monitoring network (SMN) that can detect changes to soil quality over time. As beneficiaries do not pay for the provision of soil information, the options for soil monitoring are limited. The use of existing data sets should be considered first. Using Ireland as an example, this research explored the opportunities for a SMN for Ireland considering three existing national data sets. The options for a SMN are considered in terms of their spatial and stratified distribution, the parameters to be measured and an economic analysis of the options proposed. This research finds that for Ireland, either a 10 or a 16 km² grid interval stratified by land use and drainage class offers the best potential in relation to the spatial distribution of existing data sets to reflect local data at a national level. With existing data, the stratified SIS data using the 16 km² grid offers the best value for money, with baseline costs for analysis, excluding field costs, of between €706 481 and €2.8 million. Acknowledging the impossibility of measuring all parameters with ideal frequency, this study proposes a two‐tier system for optimized monitoring frequency. Parameters must anticipate future policy requirements. Finally, the implementation of a SMN must be accompanied by standardized methods, defined thresholds and action mandates to maintain soil quality within allowable limits.     

Cohort‐specific variation in juvenile coho salmon habitat use

In this study, we examined summer and fall freshwater rearing habitat use by juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the quickly urbanising Big Lake drainage in south‐central Alaska. Habitat use was assessed by regressing fish count data against habitat survey information across thirty study sites using generalised linear mixed models. Habitat associations were examined by age‐0 and age‐1+ cohorts separately, providing an opportunity to compare habitat use across different juvenile coho salmon life stages during freshwater rearing. Regression results indicated that the age‐0 cohorts were strongly associated with shallow, wide stream reaches with in‐stream vegetation, whereas age‐1+ cohorts were associated with deeper stream reaches. Furthermore, associations between fork length and habitat characteristics suggest cohort‐specific habitat use patterns are distinct from those attributable to fish size. Habitat use information generated from this study is being used to guide optimal fish passage restoration planning in the Big Lake drainage. Evidence for habitat use partitioning by age cohort during freshwater juvenile rearing indicates that pooling age cohorts into a single “juvenile” stage for the purposes of watershed management may mask important habitat use dynamics.